Habitat, symptoms and reproduction deuteromycotina. Many species are considered important phytopathogenic agents that cause spoilage and disease of food. It is occasionally found on damp walls, gypsum board and wallpaper. Alternaria mali, also called alternaria blotch of apple, is a pathogenic fungus affecting plants. Aleternaria mali can overwinter as mycelium on dead leaves on the ground, in mechanical injuries in twigs, or in dormant buds. Alternaria alternata is one of the fungal species referred to as leaf fungi phylloplane. Alternaria species are frequently found on small grains, causing yield losses in production. This disease summary will discuss the affects alternaria alternata has on papaya fruit. Diagnostic characteristics of the genus included the production in chains of darkcolored multicelled conidia with longitudinal and transverse septa phaeodictyospores, and a beak of tapering apical cells. Two species of alternaria can cause early blight in potato crops in gb alternaria solani and alternaria alternata. Diagnosis and management of alternaria late blight. Alternaria definition of alternaria by medical dictionary.
However, the prevalence of fungal sensitivity in asthma is not completely understood. Fungal diversity 53 genetic variation of alternaria alternata, an endophytic fungus isolated from pinus tabulaeformis as determined by random amplified microsatellites rams liangdong guo1, li xu1, weihong zheng1 and kevin d. Alternaria fruit spot was a major papaya fruit disease in orchards located in dry areas of maui island in hawaii. Proceedings of the international seed testing association, 32. Middleton veteran hospital, madison, wisconsin, usa sensitivity to fungi is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. Pdf alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf. Reports from 2002 to the present document diverse additional hosts in the pacific.
In indoor environments, alternaria alternata has been isolated from dust on floors, carpet and mattresses. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as aids patients there are 299 species in the genus. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as aids patients. It is prevalent in the southern united states and elsewhere, and damages the leaves of infected apple trees. The pathogen produces distinctive bullseye patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Alternaria alternata is able to produce the following diseases. Linking to a nonfederal website does not constitute an endorsement by cdc or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Alternaria toxins have been detected in oranges, tomatoes, tomato paste, and commercial apple products. Additionally, alternaria sensitization has been determined to be one of the most important factors in the onset of childhood asthma. Many of these are encountered with as contaminants in laboratory media and on petridish cultures. Alternaria species image courtesy of john keer image courtesy of john keer. Recently, early blight has become far more widespread in mainland.
Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. Alternaria solani early blight of tomato bugwoodwiki. Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts, including in skin, paranasal sinuses and lungs. Close inspection of literature from the 1930s through the1960s indicates more hosts and wider prevalence than more modern indices and databases indicate. Characterization of alternaria infectoria extracellular. It has a worldwide distribution and is frequently isolated from a wide range of plants, soil, food, and indoor air. Jun 30, 20 alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. Alternaria alternata has a wide host range, causing leaf spots and blights on many plant parts. Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf blight of sunflower in south africa article pdf available in european journal of plant pathology january 2018 with 995 reads how we measure reads. Typically found on plant tissue, decaying wood, and foods. Plant disease problems, proceedings first international symposium on plant pathology. A b biology plant pathogenic alternaria species survive between crops as spores and mycelium in infected plant residues or in and on seeds. In recent years, dnabased studies revealed multiple nonmonophyletic genera within the alternaria complex, and alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to speciesgroups based on morphological characteristics.
The toxins, however, are only weakly toxic to mice and do not. Pdf alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf blight. It is an opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots and blights on many plant parts. For more multimedia, look at alternaria on wikimedia commons. If mold is a problem in your home, decluttering can help. A sensitive twosite enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for measurement of the major alternaria alternata allergen alt a 1.
Synergy with cladosporium or ulocladium may increase the severity of symptoms alternaria. Genetic variation of alternaria alternata, an endophytic fungus isolated from pinus tabulaeformis as determined by random amplified microsatellites rams liangdong guo1, li xu1, weihong zheng1 and kevin d. Alternaria infectoria is an environmental fungus of the order pleosporales that includes the cell wall melanincontaining fungi, the dematiaceae. Causal agent fungi in the genus alternaria cause this disease.
The centers for disease control and prevention cdc cannot attest to the accuracy of a nonfederal website. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Isolates on potato dextrose agar and other media produce yellowish to reddish diffusible pigments in the media. The genus alternaria includes both saprobes and plant pathogens which have been reported worldwide infecting crops in the field and causing post harvest decay of many plant products thomma, 2003. Genetic variation of alternaria alternata, an endophytic. Conidia have 911 transverse septa cross walls and long beaks. Alternaria toxins are toxic to bacillus mycoides and hela cells. Evaluation of seedborne infection caused by alternaria triticina in wheat. In vitro production of conidia of alternaria solani. The published literature contains 210 reported cases of human alternarioses between 1933 and the present day. Alternaria solani is more easily controlled with a range of fungicides than alternaria alternata. The genus alternaria includes ubiquitous, saprophytic fungi that are part of the endogenous and exogenous microbiota of wheat grains. Ho1z2 1 nietvoorbij institute for viticulture and oenology, agricultural research council, private bag x5026, 7599 stellenbosch, republic of south africa.
These organisms are common in many foods and grains. This beautiful tome is a compilation of a lifetimes work on alternaria and related genera and will help scientists, both research and. Named after the plant genus from which it was isolated, quercus. In vitro production of conidia of alternaria solani four culture media, amended or not with caco 3, were compared. Several formspecies are found as saprobes on dead and decaying plant parts and in the soil while some formspecies are facultative parasites, infecting a large number of higher plants. Bob mcgovern foliar symptoms generally occur on the oldest leaves and start as small, brownish to black lesions. Isolation and expression of a cdna clone encoding an alternaria alternata alt a 1 subunit. The conidia are 1220 x 120296 um and are found singly or in chains of two. Other comments alternaria spores are one of the most common and potent indoor and outdoor airborne allergens. A ubiquitous genus containing common saprophytes in soil and air, and plant pathogens. Indeed, early blight is the most significant foliar disease of potatoes in the usa, asia and africa. Alternaria alternata is a fungus which has been recorded causing leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species of plant.
Modern hostfungus indices and databases contain deceptively few entries for alternaria malorum or its synonym, cladosporium malorum. Allergic respiratory disease, including thunderstorm asthma and safs. Habit and habitat of alternaria alternaria is represented by about 50 species. The area around the spot may become yellow, as may entire severely affected leaves.
Characterization of alternaria infectoria extracellular vesicles. Pleosporaceae sinonimos alternaria geophila alternaria stemphylioides alternaria tenuis torula alternata. The following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total. Review alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic controls anuj mamgain1, rajib roychowdhury2 and jagatpati tah3 1department of plant protection, institute of agriculture, visvabharati, sriniketan 731236, west bengal, india 2department of biotechnology, visvabharati, santiniketan 731235, west bengal, india. If the fungus is seedborne, it may attack seedlings, causing dampingoff, stem lesions, or collar rot. The most frequent clinical manifestations are cutaneous and subcutaneous infections 74. In recent years, dnabased studies revealed multiple nonmonophyletic genera within the alternaria complex. Colonization of table grape bunches by alternaria alternata and rot of coldstored grapes a.
The morphological characteristics useful for distinction among the three species mentioned above are the following. In nature the alternarias grow mostly as saprophytes on plant. The genus alternaria contains several species of melanized hyphomycetes that cause opportunistic human infections. These species cannot be differentiated in the field. Alternaria medical definition merriamwebster medical. Also, get rid of walltowall carpeting in dank basements, steamy bathrooms, and in your bedroom, where you spend so much time. The genus alternaria was originally described in 1816 with a. Indoors near condensation window frames, showers house dust in carpets, and air. An identification manual fills a very large void in the scientific literature and it is quite certain that the volume will become the standard reference for those needing to have critical access to alternaria literature and taxonomic information. Alternaria infection of fruits and vegetables has been observed in apples, oranges, tomatoes, and bell peppers. Detection and identification of alternaria species causing diseases of carrot in ankara province, turkey senem tulek1, fatma sara dolar2 1ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, central plant protection research institute, 06172, yenimahalle, ankara, turkey, phone. Alternaria species require highmoisture conditions and tend to be found in foods that are high in moisture such as grains prior to harvest and fruits and vegetables. Conidia of alternaria brassicaea and alternaria brassicicolab.